It’s time to get your hands dirty and actually begin the database modernization process. Learn how to start and manage the physical-file-to-table conversion process in this TechTip.
The previous two TechTips discussed the organizational aspects of the database modernization process. It’s now time to start converting your old-school, DDS-defined physical files to “modern” and better-performing DDL tables.
Converting DDS to DDL
Some tools, like AO Foundation (which I mentioned a couple of TechTips back) enable you to automate the task of converting DDS to DDL. However, you can (and, in my opinion, should) know how to convert the files manually. It’s actually a simple process:
- Open IBM i Navigator.
- Go to the Databases node in the left section of the screen and select your database.
- Select Schemas and choose the library where the file resides.
- Find the file you want to convert, right-click it, and choose Generate SQL.
The Run SQL Scripts tool will pop up, and show you a CREATE TABLE or CREATE VIEW statement, depending on the type of file you selected. This statement should be a fairly accurate approximation of the DDS defined file. In most cases, it will be an exact match. However, because some DDS keywords don’t have an SQL equivalent, you might not always get what you want. Table 1 lists these keywords.
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Table 1: DDS Keywords Ignored During SQL Generation |
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File Type |
Keyword |
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Both Physical and Logical Files |
ALTSEQ, FCFO, FIFO, LIFO, CHECK, CHMSGID, CMP, DATFMT, DIGIT, EDTCDE, EDTWRD, TIMFMT, RANGE, REFSHIFT, UNSIGNED, VALUES, and ZONE |
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Logical Files |
CCSID or TRNTBL |
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Join Logical Files |
JDFTVAL or JDUPSEQ |
Keep in mind that, depending of the IBM i Access software version that you’re using, these steps may vary a little. Once you find and run the Generate SQL option, carefully review the results, and adjust as necessary. Some situations might require changes in your programs, while for others you might find an “SQL way” of solving the problem. Before you run the statement and generate the SQL object, be sure to change the library name. You might want to change the SQL object name to something longer and more descriptive, as discussed in the previous TechTip. Keep in mind that you need to maintain compatibility with the programs that use the “old” file.
If the DDS object to convert is a physical file, there are a few additional tasks to perform. If you’re not familiar with the CREATE TABLE SQL statement syntax, it might be a good idea to review it at this time. Also, because SQL is not constrained by the operating system 10-character limit, consider using longer, more descriptive names for each column, followed by the FOR COLUMN expression, after which you’ll place the DDS name of the column. Finally, add the RCDFMT keyword with the DDS record format name to ensure your RPG programs are still able to use the table/file as they did before.
Logical files present different challenges. If the logical file you’re converting has a key, you’ll need to create an SQL index with that key and create a view with the selected columns. There are some limitations to this process, however. Multi-member files cannot be converted directly, for instance, because SQL can’t handle them. You’ll need multiple tables to store the information. If you want to convert such a file, you need to get creative and figure out a way to migrate the data from the original physical file to new SQL tables and, for example, create a stored procedure that automatically accesses the right one.
Finally, you can select a file name and location to save the SQL script. Always remember to save scripts before running them, because sometimes the execution ends in errors or freezes, and you might lose unsaved work. Try this for a couple of physical files and their dependent logical file. Ideally, choose files that are not used in many programs and do a proof of concept (PoC), just to get the hang of it and start hammering out possible inconsistencies in your process. Note that this is a high-level description of the whole DDS-to-DDL conversion process. To get a more technical-level description, please refer to the vast literature on this topic and, naturally, the experience and guidance of your modernization consultant.
Once you’re happy with the conversion and have performed all the necessary program adjustments and recompilations, you’ll be ready to move to the next stage. By now, you should notice an interesting performance gain. This results, among other things, from the larger page size of SQL indexes (64 Kb) compared to the native access paths (8 Kb) used by logical files.
Here’s where things start to get really interesting. You’re now ready to squeeze some more performance from your database and modernize it at the same time. This should be enough to keep you busy until the next TechTip of this series, which will be about the second step of “tidying up” your database: normalization.
Coming Up
In the first article of this Database Modernization subseries, I explained the theory behind the whole normalization theory. Next time around, I’ll show you how to methodically approach the subject. Until then, comment, correct, or suggest a topic in the Comments section below.
Rafael Victória-Pereira has more than 20 years of IBM i experience as a programmer, analyst, and manager. Over that period, he has been an active voice in the IBM i community, encouraging and helping programmers transition to ILE and free-format RPG. Rafael has written more than 100 technical articles about topics ranging from interfaces (the topic for his first book, Flexible Input, Dazzling Output with IBM i) to modern RPG and SQL in his popular RPG Academy and SQL 101 series on mcpressonline.com and in his books Evolve Your RPG Coding and SQL for IBM i: A Database Modernization Guide. Rafael writes in an easy-to-read, practical style that is highly popular with his audience of IBM technology professionals.
Rafael is the Deputy IT Director - Infrastructures and Services at the Luis Simões Group in Portugal. His areas of expertise include programming in the IBM i native languages (RPG, CL, and DB2 SQL) and in "modern" programming languages, such as Java, C#, and Python, as well as project management and consultancy.
MC Press books written by Rafael Victória-Pereira available now on the MC Press Bookstore.
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Evolve Your RPG Coding: Move from OPM to ILE...and Beyond Transition to modern RPG programming with this step-by-step guide through ILE and free-format RPG, SQL, and modernization techniques. List Price $79.95 Now On Sale
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